Football the Good Essay Example for Free

Football the Good EssayMy favorite period of play is foot ball. Foot ball is considered a contact sport. It allows you to gibe other boys my age. But most of all it helps me to build physically and mentally. There is nothing like getting in to the uniform and out on the field. I like to look at the crowd and hope they are going to cheer for my team. Before we get on the field, we have to do a few exercises which keeps us limber and in shape. We do push up and run, there are other exercises we have to do in our practice sessions. Which is at to the lowest degree 4 times week? I believe in football you get to a greater extent exercises than any other sport. I like the fact that we posterior play under the lights at night.This seems to be the best time to draw a crowd to cheer you on and parents arent so apt to be operative so they can come and enjoy the game. Nothing makes me prouder than to have my dad tell me what a good job i did. My dad loves football as much as I do and it seems to bring us together more. We watch a lot of football on television. Yes, you can get attenuated in football, which is why some kids dont want to play. But, some hospital records show that you get hurt just as much or even more playing soccer.You can get hurt playing baseball and some of the other sports also. To be honest, I would not suggest playing a sport of any kind if you are afraid of getting hurt. Not only do you get the satisfaction of playing the sport, you can also get the aid of the cheerleaders. Who wouldnt want that? I have played football since I was A young boy and I hope to play in college. Who knows I whitethorn get scouted for the major leagues. Yes football is my favorite sport whether I am playing or watching it on television.

Starbucks Strategy Essay Example for Free

Starbucks Strategy EssayStarbucks Coffee is a multi-billion dollar companionship. It was founded in 1971 in Seattle, Washington. It was a single store located in the Park Place Market area of Seattle. The idea started with three friends, Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegel, and Gordon Bowker. They opened a small shop and began change fresh-roasted, gourmet coffee bean beans and brewing and roasting accessories. The companys total revenue for 2013 was $14.8 Billion Dollars. Today, they have much than 21,000 stores in 65 countries and is the premier roaster and retail merchant of specialty coffee in the world. The company expects to expand to more countries and open more stores in the future. In this paper, I will discuss Starbucks Organizational outlying(prenominal)ming that has led to its phenomenal success, the effects of managements decisions on the company, the one diagnose management competency of the company, and the success of the current CEO and whether Starbucks would be palmy with emerge him.Starbucks has many give away elements in its cultural organization that has led to its phenomenal success. Some of these organizational cultures include Legendary service, diversity, organizational structure, and organizational ethics. In todays society a company must have adaptable organizational cultures in order to be lucky. One of the major reasons that Starbucks has maintained its ability to be successful is that it maintains the ethical culture within its organization. The companys business Ethics and compliance programs has helped the partners (employees) in taking ethical business decisions as it provides guidelines in the measure Business Conduct, which help partners make ethical decisions.Starbucks is committed to providing legendary customer service, they even hired an cultural anthropologist, Barbara Perry, to help streng then its foundations for customer care. (Schreiner, 2011). Starbucks has three ways in which it provides legendary service, they include knowing the Running headStarbucks Strategycustomer, decreasing wait time, and being on the customers side. Legendary service offered by Starbucks include giving the customers respect by knowing their name and type of drink, reducing wait time by acknowledging a customer and keeping the line moving and finally being on the customers side.Starbucks diversity and inclusion are a central part of Starbucks merged strategy. It embraces diversity as an essential component in the way they do business. Twenty-four percent of the nobble corporate officers are women. Thirteen percent of the top executives are people of color. The most impressive statistic of Starbucks is the companys continued consignment to its supplier- diversity program, which tracks spending with minority-and women owned businesses. The projected spending with these companies is expected to decamp to $140 million dollars this year. Organizational structure is the hierarchical arrangement of lines of auth ority, communications, rights and duties of an organization (Schreiner, 2011).Starbucks does not operate under a franchise, however, they do license storefronts. Even though the stores are licensed storefronts, they are still controlled by Starbucks Headquarters. It overseas all of its stores and this allows for more control over how the individual stores are run. It leaves little room for stores not to performing according to company guidelines.Organizational ethics is the way an organization should respond to external and internal environments (Schreiner, 2011). Starbucks is considered one of the worlds most ethical companies (Screiner, 2011). The company makes a conscience effort to be a responsible company and conducts their business in an eithical manner. It uses its resources, such as community, sourcing, environment, diversity and wellness. It openly displays its commitment to being a socially responsible company by letting the customers know whatthey are doing and displays t heir mission Running headstatement in to each one store, prints facts on its coffee cups and puts information on its companys website. Starbucks as earned this reputation through its actions in all phases of its business and live out the commitment through both its mission statement and determine. Starbucks has business ethics program that is used to protect its Missions Culture. It is used to assist the partners to make ethical decision at their jobs.The decisions of the management and its choices for the company has a tremendous effect on employees, customers and the business. Starbucks has created an environment that is very relaxing to customers. It is a one of a kind coffee shop. There is no other coffee shop of this kind. Everything within the Starbucks environment is relaxing, calming and tension relieving. They make it the perfect comfort zone.One key management competency that Starbucks manager is like to have is leadershiphip Abilities. An individual must have great co nsortership skill in order to lead others. Leadership is the Process of social influence in which one person jackpot enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a familiar task (Schreiner. 2011). There are very few people that can become leaders. It takes a very special individual to become a leader. Leaders lead in ways that serve the greater good of the organization. Starbucks demonstrates servant leadership and goes beyond the needs of its customers to the needs of the community.At Starbucks, the companys values and missions are inspiring. They always put customers first. They empower their partners and help develop their honest personal capacities. Starbucks help develop their partners to also demonstrate servant leadership. The partners feel far more committed to this company and their values and mission.When the individual that run companies show concern, respect and care for their employees Running headthey get better performance from them. It can clearly be seen that Starbucks Leadership is exceptional, they take the time to understand the needs oftheir employees. Many can see the difference in the Leadership of companys such as Wal-Mart and McDonalds. They have poor Leadership skills. They do not respect their employees. The employees of Wal-Mart and McDonalds do not respect their jobs, because leadership is bad. If they respected their employees, then one would not always see the protest for more wages, benefits and hors. It is clear that Starbucks is doing something correct. There has never been any protest of kind with Starbucks. Other companys should follow the Leadership Skill of Starbucks. Starbucks most likely would not maintain its long term sustainability without its current CEO, Howard Shultz. Howard Shultz has been the CEO of Starbucks since 1987.As the CEO of Starbucks, Howard Shultz made changes to the company at the beginning, that help set the path to its success today. The first change was to turn Starbucks into a coffee bar. He came up with this idea after pass in Italy and sitting at a coffee bar in Milan, Italy. He saw that it was a place where the coffee shop played an intregal utilization in the social life of most of the Italians (Wong, 2013). It was a focal point for the neighborhood, where friends met, mingled and stayed all hours of the day. Hence, this became the idea for Starbucks coffee. They later opened their first coffee bar in Seattle, Washington. He also introduced exotic coffee beverages such as espresso, cappuccino, caf-latte, iced coffee and caf-mocha. This was the first coffee shop to introduce these types of coffees. He also made the airwave clean, well-lighted, where people could relax and enjoy their coffee in comfort.The most effective change that Shultz made to Starbucks brand was to change the way the company delt with its employees, he employ an crucial company employment training Running headprogram. Starbucks is aware that the employee can make or break your company. Shultz stated that friendly, effective service would set ahead sales (Wong, 2013). He instituted a training program designed to groom knowledgeable employees who would enjoy working behind a counter. Service is a mixed-up art in America. Its not viewed as a professional job to work behind a counter says Shultz. We dont bank that. We want to provide our people with dignity and self-esteem, so we offer tangible benefits(Wong, 2013).Some of the benefits Starbucks offer are complete health insurance for both full and part-time workers and stock options. During a brief 8 year hiatus, Starbucks had a new CEO Jim Donald. During this time Starbucks stocks dropped to 42% and they closed more than 700 stores and layed off more than 700 employees.After this downfall of the company, they re-instated Howard Shultz as CEO. He has made changes to the company that has made it more successful. These include calling their employees partners instead of employees, redesigned stores, introdu ced breakfast foods, implemented luxuries such as charging stations and Wi-Fi and most of all, he more than doubled the number of stores opened since he was reinstated as CEO. It can be seen that Starbucks would not be as successful today without the current CEO, Howard Shultz. Most other companies can take a good example from this Leader.ReferencesDaft, R. (2012). Management (10th ed.). Mason, OH Cengage Learning. Schreiner, E. (2011). Starbucks and Its Orgaizational Design. SmallbusinessWong, V. (2013). Starbucks takes Over Your Life, Boots Sales. Businessweek.

G-protein Cycle and its Regulation by RGS Proteins

G-protein Cycle and its Regulation by RGS ProteinsJulia WeigandtG Proteins, also known asguanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of membrane resident physician go-between proteins that are important molecular switches in the mediation of GPCR signalling1. In their inactive state, G-proteins exist as heterotrimeric complexes composed of , and -subunits. Upon its stimulation, a GPCR will catalyse the gross domestic productGTP exchange at G leading to the dissociation of the trimer complex as a G-subunit and the G-dimer, both able to interact with a sum up of effector systems responsible for cellular responses. Upon hydrolysis of GTP to GDP+P by G, the G-protein mediated signalling is terminated, whereby a group of proteins, the regulators of G-protein signalling (RGS) appear to play substantial role1,2.Every pipe organ system utilises G-protein mediated signal transduction evoking such various outcomes as neurotransmission, immunity, cardiovascular function and hormone sec retion3. Consequently, GPCRs present a variety of opportunities as healing(predicate) targets for treating go offcer, cardiac dysfunction, central nervous system disorders and pain. In fact, drugs targeting members of this protein superfamily account for 40% of all prescription pharmaceuticals on the market2.GPCRs constitute the largest and most diversefamily of heptahelical transmembrane sense organsthat receive a signal (e.g. humbled peptides, lipid analogues, amino-acid derivatives, and sensory stimuli such as light, taste and odour2)from outside thecelland transmit this signal to the cell interior via interactions with G-proteins leading to activation of downstream effector systems4. In mammals 21 G-subunits, six G-subunits and twelve G-subunits have been described5. Depending on their G similarity, G-proteins are grouped into four important classes Gs, Gi/o, Gq/11 and G12/13 which show selectivity with respect to both, receptors and effectors due to the social movement of recognition domains complementary to G-protein binding domains in receptors/effectors6. The main targets for G-proteins include adenylyl cyclase, phospholipase isoforms, Rho A/Rho kinases (a system that controls mainly signalling pathways involved in cell growth/proliferation), and the mitogen activated protein kinase (involved in the control of many cell functions such as cell division), and ion channels7,8.In its inactivated state the complex is freely diffusible in the plane of the cell membrane due to fatty acid chain anchors on severally subunit7. Stimulation of GPCRs by agonists leads to conformational changes in the receptor resulting in the acquirement of high affinity to the G() complex. Due to their subsequent association, a GDP-GTP exchange in the -subunit will carry on leading to dissociation of the G-protein complex from the receptor in form of a G(GTP)-subunit and a G-dimer. Prior the activation of the G-protein the G-dimer is bound to a hydrophobic pocket present in G-GDP. GTP binding to G removes the hydrophobic pocket and reduces the affinity of G for G9. Both have a signalling function and can interact with various downstream effector systems 7,9. The duration of G protein-mediated effector activation is dependent on the intrinsic GTPase activity of the G-subunit. GTP-hydrolysis results in dissociation of G(GDP) from the effector to reunite with G completing the cycle7.Several studies have shown that the kinetics of G-protein signalling are regulated by RGS proteins that can not nevertheless act as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) on G-subunits hereby accelerating GTP-hydrolysis, but also as scaffolds to help assemble signalling complexes and providing a critical appliance of regulation of cellular responses10.Over 30 RGS/RGS-like domain containing proteins have been described and classified into nine distinct subfamilies based on primary sequence homology and presence of additional domains, including the A/RZ (prototype RGSZ), the B/R4 (prototype RGS4), the C/R7 (prototype RGS7), the D/R12 (prototype RGS12), the E/RA (prototype Axin), the F/GEF, G/GRK, H/SNX and I/D-AKAP2 subfamilies3,10,11. They differ widely in their overall size and amino acid identity, and many family members possess a remarkable variety of structural domains and motifs that regulate their actions and/or enable them to interact with other binging partners with diverse cellular roles.RGS proteins have a highly conserved RGS domain of 120 amino acids3,11 which allows for selective binding to the transition state of G(GTP-GDP+P)8 , accelerating the GTP-hydrolysis up to a 1000-fold5,10 by stabilising this transition. Some studies have shown that RGS proteins can also act as effector antagonists by binding tightly to G(GTP), hereby pulley-block effector activation5,11.It has been suggested that simple RGS proteins (those of A/RZ and B/R4) have an almost exclusively negative regulatory function acting as modulators of G-protein signalling as for i nstance shown by the function of RGS4, an effective GAP protein for Gq family members. In mammalian cells RGS4 doesnt block the receptor and Gq/11-directed inositol lipid/Ca2+ signalling completely but elicit regular Ca2+ oscillations in mammalian cells10, 11. On the contrary, the larger RGS proteins can link active Gs to other signalling pathways and therefore serve as multifunctional integrators. Integration can occur via activation of kinases, recruitment of cellular scaffolds/associated proteins or by direct receptor interactions11. Two of the R12 family members (RGS12 and RGS14) were shown to coordinate components of the Ras/Raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathway8,10.RGS proteins display specificity and selectivity in their interactions not only with G-proteins, but also GCPRs, ion channels and other signalling events3,5 which may be accomplished by firstly, differences in GAP activity towards several(predicate) types of G-subunits (e.g. RGS19 was shown to in teract potently with Gi1, Gi3 and Go, weakly Gi2 but not with Gs and Gq5 secondly, the ability to interact with specific GPCRs or with effectors deep down the GPCR signalling axis directly, due to presence of characteristic structural domains and motifs (e.g. RGS2 and RGS4 bind selectively the 3rd intracellular loop of M2 and M5 muscarinic receptors5) thirdly, by formation of an RGS/G-protein complex that prevents the G-protein from binding its receptor or the downstream effectors and lastly, by co-expression of the RGS-proteins with its target protein(s) in order for selective interactions to take place. An example is illustrated by the expression of the alternative spliced RGS9-1 and RGS9-2 in entirely different tissues, thus having different functions and selectivity for different targets. While RGS9-1 is expressed in the photoreceptor cell layers of the retina and is involved in the phototransduction pathway by regulation of photoreceptors, RGS9-2 is predominantly found in the brain and shows selectivity for the regulation of dopamine D2 and opioid receptor signalling pathways5.RGS proteins play and essential regulatory role in G-protein mediated signal transduction, being able to regulate a great number of GCPR signalling events with great specificity and accuracy. By fully understanding the mechanisms and the significance of their expression, role and targets it can lead science to advances in the development of novel therapeutic drugs against disorders involving G-protein mediated signalling.ReferencesBaltoumas, F. A., Theodoropoulou, M. C., Hamodrakas, S.J. Interactions of the a-subunits of heterotrimeric G-proteins with GPCRs, effectors and RGS proteins A critical review and analysis of interacting surfaces, conformational shifts, structural diversity and electrostatic potentials. Journal of Structural Biology.2013(182)209-218Filmore, D. Its a GPCR world. Modern Drug Discovery(American chemic Society).2004 (November) 2428Bansal, G., Druey, K.M., X ie, Z. R4 RGS proteins regulation of G-protein signaling and beyond. Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2007116(3)473-495Joost, P., Methner, A. Phylogenetic analysis of 277 human G-protein-coupled receptors as a tool for the prediction of orphan receptor ligands.Genome Biology. 20023(11) research0063.10063.16Xie, G.X., Palmer, P.P. How regulators of G protein signaling achieve selective regulation. Journal of molecular biology. 2007366(2)349-365CABRERA-VERA, T.M., VANHAUWE, J., THOMAS, T.O., MEDKOVA, M., PREININGER, A., MAZZONI, M.R., HAMM, H. Insights into G Protein Structure, Function, and Regulation.Endocrine Reviews. 200324(6)765-781Rang, H.P., Dale, M.M., Ritter, J.M., Flower, R.J., Henderson, G. Rang and Dales Pharmacology. 7th ed. UK. Elsevier Churchill Livingstone 2012 3(32-33)Kimple, A.J., Bosch, D.E., Gigure, P.M., Siderovski, D.P. Regulators of G-protein signaling and their G substrates promises and challenges in their use as drug baring targets. Pharmacological Reviews. 20 1163(3)728-749Oldham, W.M., Hamm, H. Heterotrimeric G protein activation by G-protein-coupled receptors.NATURE REVIEWS molecular cell biology. 2008960-71Keinan, D., Yang, S., Cohen, R.E., Yuan, X., Liu, T., Li, Y.P. Role of regulator of G protein signaling proteins in bone.Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 20141(19)634-648Hollinger, S., Hepler, J.R.. Cellular regulation of RGS proteins modulators and integrators of G protein signaling.Pharmacological Reviews. 200254(3)527-559

Family Involvement In Early Education

Family Involvement In Early EducationThe purpose of this research story is to examine the effects family involvement has on the success of children and the ways families tail assembly plump heterogeneous in their childs direction.My literature reviews defines family involvement is when families get own(prenominal)ly involved in education, their children do better in inculcates, get better grades, and grow up to be successful in life. Family involvement is one of the close unmarked aspects of Ameri good deal education. Today, many platforms be designed without recognition of the role of families, and consequently many families remain unaw atomic number 18 of the significance that their role can have on their childs education (NASA, 2009). Family involvement means that families work together with c ar givers and teachers to raise an atmosphere that strengthens training both at the program and in the foundation.Family involvement is an tout ensemble- meaning(a)(a) compon ent of the United Sates of America educational programs. The purpose of the family involvement component is to engage families as jumpners in the educational process. Family involvement programs was developed to give families, irrespective of their own educational experience, the tools fateed to become more actively involved in their childs day-to-day education (Knopf Swick 2008).Significant research over at to the lowest degree 25 years has demonstrated that family involvement is critical to the educational success of children (Bricker Casuso). To give more detail on the findings When schools acknowledge the relevance of childrens homes and finiss and promote family involvement, they can develop a nurseive environment for tuition through with(predicate) meaningful activities that engage and empower families (Bricker Casuso, 1979). As our schools and programs become more diverse, that relevance of home and culture takes on greater importance and expands teachers responsib ilities for collaboration with families.Families can get more involved with their childs education by, talking with their children, enhancing their childs self esteem, modeling social and educational aspirations and set and monitoring out of school activities (supervising homework etc.)(Battle, 2004). Activities lifts can be more involved at school consists of attending events, such as open tin and school fairs, working in the school in support teachers such as helping with activities in the classroom, on trips and with sport activities, assisting with the governance of the school and come across with teachers to discuss their childrens progress are all ways promotes can get more involved with their child education while in school (Battle, 2004).I have seen a lack of parental involvement in Head Start due to lack of communication. I have volunteered for Head Start every(prenominal) since my son went there in 2006. I am a former parent and I have through with(p) four internshi ps there. I have done two for Social Work and two for Early Childhood. Most families I have talked to use work, or they do not get grades or I am too tired to sit with those bad kids as an excuse but I try to let them know that if they dont get involved in their child education now they will regret it in the long run.When I lived in Chicago I went to a Head Start program called the Child Parent Center (CPC). My mom worked nights and had three other children to take care of. She made it her job to volunteer at my school at least three days a week. She assisted the teachers, she was even the President of the PTA. My mom got involved in what I was learning because she was a concerned parent. Parents today are not concerned astir(predicate) their childs education.Parents who are involved in their childs education develop more confidence in the school, and about helping their children learn at home and often enroll in continuing education to advance their own schooling (Measuring Up, 19 99). Parents tend to be less(prenominal)(prenominal) involved in their childs education as their child get older. The United States Department of Education arrange that nationwide, as children grow older contacts between families and schools decline both in chassis and in the positive nature of such contacts. Although 52 percent of interactions are positive and 20 percent are negative in the first grade, by seventh grade positive contacts drop to 36 percent and negative increase to 33 percent (Measuring Up, 1999).The importance of family involvement is the environmental, social, and economic factors have the most powerful effect on student performance. The greatest factor of a child underachieving in school is growing up in poverty, inadequate learning opportunities, and exposure to drugs, lack of after school care, dysfunctional families, and inadequate health care, run down schools, neighborhood distress, few role models, poor nutrition and puerile pregnancy (Measuring Up, 1999 ). Parents cannot always change these factors they can always have great influence over many of these challenges.Epstein defines a school, family and community partnership as an entree that gives families and community members greater opportunities to determine options for school involvement, to participate in the wide range of involvement activities, and to assume key role and responsibilities in school-improvement efforts, including participation in the schools decision-making processes. If a partnership is to succeed, it must be based on mutual trust and respect, an ongoing exchange of information, agreement on goals and strategies, and sharing of rights and responsibilities. Schools must be willing to involve parents, families, and communities at deeper levels and to support their participation (Epstein 2002).Epstein six types of involvement consist ofType1 Parenting Assist families establish home environments to support children as students.Type 2 Communicating Implement effec tive home to school and school to home communication practices.Type 3 Volunteering Encourage families as volunteers in a configuration of ways.Type 4 Learning At Home Involve families in supporting learning activities at home.Type 5 Decision making overwhelm parents in school decisions, developing parent leaders and representatives.Type 6 Collaborating With the Community Coordinate resources and services from the community to strengthen school programs, family practices and student learning development.The problem with families not being involved in their childs education is laziness. A lot of younkerer generation parents have too many excuses on why they can and cannot get involved. The most common one is transportation problems. If you can get a ride to go clubbing on Friday and Saturday you can get a ride to visit your child Monday thru Thursday for a couple of hours.Majority of the younger generation families just dont care. Their children are being raised by a grandmother, a unt or a caregiver. They do not understand how critical parental involvement is and the effects it has on a child. From my own personal observations parents just do not understand why they need to get involved. It is my job as a professional student to address these concerns to all parents young or old.Teachers are very frustrated trying to involve parents and getting little to no response. Teachers complain that parents do not come to conferences or school open houses, check homework, or answer take home notes. This leads teachers to touch sensation that parents just do not care about their childs education (Brown, 1989). There are many reasons to consider why parents do not get involved. For many parents, a major obstacle to getting involved is lack of conviction. Working parents are often unable to attend school events during the day (Brown, 1989). Evenings are more convenient and the only time they can be involved. Parents rather spend that time with family than be at an open house, which is understandable. enate involvement during prekindergarten can promote childrens school readiness and is associated with higher academic achievement and fewer behavior problems through adolescents, at least in low income families (Basile Henry, 1996). It can also lead to greater parental involvement in elementary school, which is associated with higher achievement for children of all socioeconomic backgrounds (Basile Henry 1996). When families do not get involved in their childrens education they are more at risk of being exposed to drugs and alcohol, teenaged pregnancy and inadequate learning opportunities. The benefits of families who get involved in their childs education their child will get better grades, better attendance, and higher graduation rates, less or no drug or alcohol use, better self-esteem, and less violent.Parental involvement is key because it improves cognitive and social development in beforehand(predicate) years of education. Evidence indica tes that parental involvement continues to have a significant effect on achievement into adolescence even adulthood. A survey in 2007 has found a variation in levels of parental involvement among different ethnic groups. African American parents are more than twice as likely as White parents to say they felt very involved in their childs education. Parents from non-White ethnic backgrounds are more involved in their childs school activities (including homework). Parents from non-White backgrounds are also less likely to say that a childs education is the school responsibility rather than the parents (17% of African American and Asian parents compared to 27% of White parents said that it was the school responsibility) (Harris Goodall, 2007).Parental involvement is easy as pie says McReynolds she came up with the pie program based on research and many years in the classroom. McReynolds states family involvement is a critical part of high quality education, a safe and disciplined lear ning environment, and student achievement. McReynolds PIE program actively pursues and involves parents as true and equal partners. She offers them fin ways in which they can become involved.Decision making. McReynolds encourages parents to set goals for their children and for the teacher goals that reach beyond those goals she has already set. The goals are stated at the start of the school year in a start between parents, teachers, and students. That contract lists everyones responsibilities and is signed by each of the participants. A parent is free to add to the contract specific goals for their child. The goal of the contract is a very simple one Helping children to learn, says McReynolds. The contract is a tool to meet that end. It can change from year to year and even sometimes from child to child. If parents feel a need, we do whatever we have to do to meet that need as long as it helps the child learn.Supporting. Parents support their children in many ways, McReynolds s ays. They provide shelter, food, clothing, protection, and love. They also need to support the work that goes on in the classroom. McReynolds shares with parents the research that supports the need for their involvement in their childrens education at home and at school. Showing children that school is important can be done in many ways, and McReynolds offers parents many options and tools for doing that. Her next goal is to establish a parent library, a place in the school where parents can find and check out materials that will help them to help their children learn.Teaching. Parents are teachers too, says McReynolds, adding, Lets face it, children learned a huge amount from their parents before they even entered school. And a parents role as teacher doesnt end when the child enters school. McReynolds points to a number of ways in which direction continues to be a parents responsibility and part of a parents daily routine. Providing time and a place for doing homework, reading wi th a child, making sure homework is dumb and finished, talking about what is being done at school, and continuing to learn how to help are just a few of the ways in which parents teach. In addition, parents can get actively involved in the classroom as volunteer tutors, as lecturers sharing their own expertise, and in many other ways. finis year, McReynolds says, a small group of parents got kids interested in participating in the Valentines for Veterans program. That was just one example of a wonderful learning experience that came at once from parental involvement and it was proof that If its important, parents will help to get it done, says McReynolds. Kids got to see their parents in action and, more importantly, they got to see themselves as contributors to the larger community.Learning. The more parents learn, the more they are able to help a child learn, McReynolds says. That means getting actively involved in finding out what is being taught, how it is taught, and how chi ldren learn and develop. Parents can take classes (offered through adult education programs, community colleges, etc.) on their own to demonstrate to their children how important learning is. Or they can take classes with their children computer classes or hobby classes are two possibilities. McReynolds offers additional help and suggestions. She provides ideas for field trips that parents and children can take together to support classroom learning. And she holds a monthly in-service session for parents. In one recent session she focused on the childrens math curriculum. The sessions goal was to familiarize parents with the curriculum and to relieve the parents anxiety about it. Other sessions have include a science fair preparation night (where McReynolds familiarizes parents with the scientific method through a fun airplane-making family activity) a session that explains the school grading organisation and a field trip to a dinosaur exhibit at a nearby museum.Communicating. An o pen-door policy allows parents to come into the classroom at any time. In addition, McReynolds offers habitue communication through two newsletters. Those newsletters include information about the concepts that are being taught, how those concepts can be reinforced and practiced at home, a docket of after-school help sessions, and news about a exceptional citizenship program in which kids earn points for positive behaviors. The newsletters also include news of upcoming in-service sessions and special projects parents might want to get involved in.Parental involvement programs, if they are to be effective, must include parents in all aspects of a childs education, Parents must be involved as teachers, learners, supporters, and advocates for their children (Hopkins, 2004). Families can get involved in their childs education by just overseeing their childs homework (time), Limiting time spent watching T.V., Providing support for educators and taking advantage of opportunities to bec ome more involved with school administrations and policy development.Suggestion for teachers to get parents involved is to help parents understand why it is so important to their children school success. Give parents specific thing they can do to be involved. Take time to assess current practices in your school before embarking on a program for parental involvement. Develop a long term plan for a parent that includes evaluations of their childs success. Teachers need to communicate with parents and encourage parents to provide inputs on policies that affect the education of their children.1) Teachers need parents help Teachers are over worked and overwhelmed and in need of our help. Even if it is the smallest amount of help. 2) All parents should volunteer at least five times in a school year. 3) Parents also need to know school is a learning environment and not a day care. Parents need to remember even when their children are at school they are still your children, take responsibil ity in their education. 4) The more parents volunteer, the more educated you are about what is going on in the school. Parents should be an example to their children, show them the importance of education through your actions, not just your words. 5) Kids copy what they see you do, show your children how important it is to be involved parent by being one yourself. 6) All parents should know the old saying It is better to give than to receive. Giving always feel good. 7) Majority of the schools budgets are being cut, as parents we can help schools save money by donating our time, talent and treasures. 8) Parental involvement also gives you the opportunity to juncture your opinions on school matters. Who said it is better to be seen and not heard? 9) With all the violence in school today being an involved parent will allow you to keep up with the issues and problems. Parents need to keep their ears and eyes open while at school and you will be surprised at what you will find out. 10) Lastly, parent need to know that their children are only young once. Do not miss out on the opportunity to create memories that will last a forever. Children will not remember that toy you gave them but they will remember all those times you became involved in their education.In conclusion, the most important person in parental involvement is the child. Anything that the parent can do to assist their child is worth it all. Special importance should be on producing ways of helping children, families, and schools work together to supply students with the advantages to put their best efforts forward. It is very clear that parental involvement is very profitable to a child learning environment.

Carbon And Alloying Steel Applications Engineering Essay

Carbon And Alloying Steel Applications Engineering EssayCarbon stigmas atomic number 18 one of the main categories of marque. Steel is dissever into groups since it is an iron (Fe) alloy and therefore it whitethorn contain numerous concentrations of alloying elements such as chromium, molybdenum, nickel, manganese. Yet, the mechanical properties of steel be affected according to the deoxycytidine monophosphate erupt in the metal. Groover, 2010) (Callister Jr, 2007). Carbon steel is an iron-based, malleable metal, usually containing less than 1% carbon but in some cases may contain up to 2.03% C (plain carbon steels), along with small percentages of silica, sulphur, phosphorus and manganese. (Carbon steel, 1994-2011). The carbon quantity in carbon steel alters the efficacy and ductility of the metal. By increasing the carbon, hardness and forte ar increased whilst reducing ductility. Yet by doing so, brittleness is increased and dyers mignonette abilities ar reduced due to its affinity to pulp martensite. This is a diversity of tug of war amongst the properties of the metal.Carbon steels argon divided according to the different amounts of carbon content i.e. mainly into three main classesMild utter carbon steel ( 0.16% 0.29% C . Having microstructures of pealite and ferrite)This category is also know as mild steel. They be in truth common and argon widely utilise since they are quite cheap, easy to form and to work with. Having low carbon content, they are ductile and malleable but defy a low tensile specialness and do not repond to heat treatments, which would form matensite. Their density is of 7.85g/cm3 and youngs modulus of 210.000MPa. Surface treatment such as carburizing is performed when large amounts of steel requiring increased rebel hardening. To further this strength, this steel is cold worked. such covers identified as structural steel are used in buildings, where the right weldability, formability, combined with improved strength and resistance fracture, through surface treatment are required. (Types of Carbon steel )http//www.construction53.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/steel.jpgCross-sections of structural carrys made of low carbon steels.Medium Carbon steels (0.3% 0.59% C. Microstructures of tempered martensite)Such steel, having a higher percentage carbon, increases hardness, brittleness and strength at the same time still creation ductile, although this is s clearly reduced with machinability. This range of carbon is achieved by austenitizing, quenching (i.e. rapid cooling from the outer surface to the inner) and tempering to create consistent tensile strength within the steel (referred to as Martensite) throughout the body. An use of fair carbon steel includes crankshafts since ductility allows it to retain the tensile strength required. Axle shafts and gearing plates are also made from medium-carbon steel (The uses for medium carbon steel, 1999-2012) (Tata steel Europe)http//www.gutenbe rg.org/files/38415/38415-h/images/fig_032.jpg http//traxxas.com/sites/default/files/gear.jpgCrankshaft side and an end view together with a gear which are made of medium carbon steelHigh carbon steel (0.6% 1.4% C)These are the hardest and strongest of carbon steels and therefore the least ductile. They are ideal for hardening and tempering condition and have good wear resistance. Hardness may be improved by further adding chromium, vanadium, tungsten, and molybdenum to carbon. An ideal application would be a sharp cutting tool such as scissors or a high strength spring which is required to withstand heavy loads. If welded, heat treatment is further required to keep the same mechanical properties. higher(prenominal) percentage carbon in such steels may also be present in devil other classes which are plane section of the high carbon steels (Types of Carbon steel ) (Groover, 2010)http//www.parktool.com/uploads/thumbnails/uploads/products/a6945e129e29a7c9064c6136dbde619eb850b49b_80 0x700.jpg http//www.kni a couple of(prenominal)orks.com/images/products/detail/TPDART002.1.jpgHigher carbon steels (03%- 1.7% C) Sulphur and manganese are also present to improve hardness which is ideal for cutting tools such as punches, milling machine cutters, industrial knives.Ultra high Carbon steels (1% 2% C) These large amounts of carbon are required for special cases, mainly non-industrial tools and are obtaind using powder metallurgy. These are at the limit of mild steel since above 2% carbon steel is said to be cast iron. (The uses for medium carbon steel, 1999-2012) (Callister Jr, 2007)http//web.tradekorea.com/upload_file2/sell/60/S00049660/Indexable_Drill.JPGTypical applications where such steels are utilised are drilling tools used for high speed drilling in self-colored hard material.P7 One metal forming proficiency from the chosen industrySince part of my previous assignment involved the automotive industry, I decided to further crane my knowledge on this subjec t and research on a very important forming technique, which is becoming even more used in this industry. The technique, I researched is the hydro-forming technique and the metals involved were steel and aluminium metalsNowadays vehicles are designed to ope position as fuel efficient as possible yet without sacrificing on speed. These two factors though contradictory have something in common, weight reduction. To attain this, vehicles are continuously shredded from their weight and this is mainly done by using lightness metals and thin circle panels. just such metal forming becomes quite tough due to formability and elongation problems. For this reason, hydro-forming technique is used where a sheet metal part is formed under(a) weewee pressure generated by a punch design the sheet in a advanced water system chamber. This increases formability and it is mainly due to the water pressure which holds the material in place which is in turn punched in the forming touch, shielding the panel from extreme thinning in critical areas. (Cass) (Altan, 2002)Sheet hydroforming drawThis technique bottom of the inning also be used to stretch form or deep draw metal. Other variations of the process areActive hydro-forming-involves a process in which the blank is pressed against a die contour.Viscous pressure forming-where a viscous material is used instead of water to pressurize the mediumFlex forming-water pressure used as an elastic polymer membrane that shields around the sheet and the punch. Adapting the Process (Altan, 2002)Here shown are the basic components making up the punch to carry out the hydro-forming technique. The upper binder or blankholder provide the holding force for the blank. The water chamber is used to hold the initial blank. draw chamber provides hydraulic counter pressure to the water. Hydraulic cylinders provide the force to the blank holder which in terms is controlled through a P.L.C controlling system.The water is then pumped in to the ch amber below the die. This is controlled outwards from a relief valve.As seen above, we can easily observe the results of the panels produced in steel. The difference between steel and aluminium is that aluminium has 30%- 40% less elongation and formability. The answer to aluminium drawing was hydro-forming which has obtained results of 50% more depth than conventional drawing techniques. (Cass)Hydro-forming is on the increase in the automotive industry and nowadays, one can state that it is the most frequent used technique for all types of body-panels. However this process has its own limitations such as low manufacturing cycle times, highly specialised expensive heavy duty equipment which requires highly skilled operators. On the other hand, its under mentioned advantages are appealing (Altan, 2002)Gives better drawing depths with better strain distribution.Draws complex shapes in one press cycle.Reduces die costs since one die is used. ratiocination is excellent.P8 Distinguish bet ween fusion non-fusion conjoin processes. Select one fusion or non fusion and discuss the principles of operation, parameter of the process, the equipment used, advantages, disadvantages and precautions taken. Also describe one application for the process selected.Welding, still considered a recent metal working trade, is a process which involves two or more materials, which are required to be fall in together at the surfaces in a strong enough stand by not only mechanically (using rivets or bolts) but metallurgic ally (involving diffusion). This makes the amaze stiff and strong, eliminating the process of having to manufacture a new single part from scratch. To ensure that a good weld is formed, the surfaces to be welded must not have any asperities, meaning that any roughness, dirt and pointed ends must be removed to achieve the best weld possible. In order to overcome these difficulties, pressure, heat or both must be present in the process, which helps to bring atoms toget her and agitate more the microstructure of the materials so as to create a true secure bond. Cleanliness as already mentioned is congenital and depending on the degree of dirt, one must utilise the appropriate opening tools. Generally, chemicals are used such as degreasers and solvents, which break up the oil or dirt, or else mechanically were abrasion, grinding etc, are used for rougher surfaces to attain the best smooth layers possible. (Groover, 2010) (Callister Jr, 2007)Since different materials with a vast number of properties and features may require welding, various types of welding exist on the market, each with their own characteristics and methods, differing in the apparatus, temperature and pressure used, type of turgidity involved ( acting as a shield) when another metal may be present. These welding methods are generally divided into two groups, non-fusion welding and fusion welding.Non- jointure WeldingThis type of welding can also be called solid state welding i nvolving soldering of materials without melting the base metals and no filler material is added. Non-fusion welding involves some of the oldest welding processes and some of the very latest. Also in such cases, pressure or temperature or both can be used to build up sufficient energy to bond the intended surfaces intended to be welded. The most important factors for a successful solid-state weld are that the two surfaces must be very clean and they must be very close to each other to allow atomic bonding. As no melting is involved, non-fusion welding has quite a few advantages over fusion welding. No melting means that there is no heat-affected zone the metals surrounding the joint retain their original properties. Most of the processes producing welded joints affect the stallion contact point between the two parts, instead of a distinct point like most fusion-welding operations. Adding to this, at times some of these processes are used to bond dissimilar metals and it is important to note that these, if melted and re-solidified, may alter their relative thermal expansions, conductivities, and other properties which are very important when applied to a factual application. The drawbacks on the other hand for such welding process when, compared with conventional fusion welding, are that since the welding cycles take more time to complete, it is a more time consuming process and quite unsuitable for restricted sized parts. It is again important to note that surface preparation is indispensable in the first place actual welding takes place for the surfaces to bond precisely. Yet the major disadvantage of this process is the relatively high initial investments cost in equipment. (Groover, 2010) (Schmid, 2010)Typical examples of non-fusion welding processes includeDiffusion welding (DFW). Pressure is used to hold two surfaces together at a high temperature where the parts bond by solid-state diffusion.Friction welding (FRW). Bonding is achieved creating heat cre ated from friction between two surfaces.Ultrasonic welding (USW). Two parts with an oscillating motion from an ultrasonic oftenness at moderate pressure is used in a direction parallel to the contacting surfaces. This combination of normal and vibratory forces gives shear stresses that removes surface films and achieves atomic bonding at the surface.Fusion WeldingThis type of welding technique is also known as liquid-state welding and as the name implies, the base metals for this process are melted using heat. In most fusion welding operations, a filler metal is included in the molten pool where the bond is desired. These may be in the form of consumable electrodes or a wire fed into the weld pool. Their main purpose is to improve and ease the process to produce a much stronger weld in terms of metallurgy (atoms are packed closer together creating a much tighter mechanically bond). As a rampart against oxidisation, these processes also include a protective layer between the air ar ound the weld and the molten metal. These can be either in the form of a gas shield or as a type offluxwhich melts to produce a layer on the weld itself that solidifies and is removed afterwards. Fusion processes where no external metal is used are known to be autogenous welds. Advantages offered from fusion welding, makes it the most common and most vast of the welding processes which are mainly the ability to repeat the weld at the same joint without difficulty, which is relatively fast and adequate for most applications. As for the drawbacks, there are two main problems. The changes in the microstructure after repeated heating and rapid cooling could easily alter the properties of the parent metals and the effects of the residual stresses which build up in the parent metals caused by expansion or contraction. These have a long term effect on the weld itself due to the fatigue produces.The following are the main types of welding processesGas welding Oxyacetylene Welding (OAW)Arc W elding Shielded metal arc welded (SMAW)Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW)plasm arc welding (PAW)Gas- metal arc welding (GMAW)Flux cored arc welding (FCAW)Submerged arc welding (SAW)Electro-slag welding (ESW)High energy beam welding-Electron beam welding (EBW)Laser beam welding (LBW)(Kou, 2003), (Callister Jr, 2007), (Jha)__________________________________________________________________________________Gas Metal Arc WeldingThis welding process is a fusion welding process and uses the basics of this type of welding, since it melts the metals at the joining area, using elevated temperatures whilst creating an arc between a continuous fed filler wire electrode and the metals to be joined. The weld is constantly shielded using an inert gas. The type of gas used, differs from application to application. Inert (argon gas for example), is used for MIG welding. Other shielding gases used are carbon dioxide, as well as inert/active gas. Mixtures at times are used mainly to weld mild steel allo ys (a miscellany may be used from argon, carbon dioxide and oxygen). The ideal gas used for shielding, inert or active, is usually chosen according to the alloy composition and the grade of finish desired.Metal Inert Gas welding (MAGS MIG)Another gas-metal arc welding process is the metal inert gas process commonly known as MIG. In common with thetungsten inert gasprocess (TIG), MIG welding uses a protective gas shield layer over the weld pool projected using a torch shroud. MIG uses electricity to melt and create the welding pool that joins interchanges of metal together. It may also be referred to as the hot glue gasoline and is known to be one of the easiest welding processes to learn. It was developed in the 1940s and even nowadays, it still uses the same principles. The electrical rate of flow used to melt the metals is used to create a short circuit between a continuous wire fed through a crampfish to act as the anode and the cathode being the metal being welded. This sh ort circuit which dissipates enough (approx. 4000 F to 6000 F) heat to melt the metal and the non reactive gas, shields the weld being produced. With the metal molten, the two surfaces fuse together becoming one piece and as the heat is removed, the metal cools, solidifying in a unite piece of metal. Being an easy to learn welding process, makes this application popular and moreover, since it can be used with a variety of materials carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminium, magnesium, copper, nickel, silicon dye and other alloys.http//www.personal.psu.edu/jhk5143/edesgn100/project4/welding/pic3.jpgMIG welder equipment A MIG welder is made up of several partsThe welderHere the main equipment is the wire and a series of rollers which are used to dig the wire out from the welding gun. The large spool of wire is held on with a tension nut.The welding gunhttp//www.personal.psu.edu/jhk5143/edesgn100/project4/welding/pic2.jpg http//www.weldguru.com/images/300px-MIG_cut-away.jpgThe most im portant part takes place. The gun (1) is made up of a trigger that controls the wire feed and the flow of electricity. Here, the wire is passed through a replaceable copper tip (3). Tips turn in size according to the diameter of the wire (5). The outside of the tip of gun is covered by a ceramic (2) or metal transfuse which is used to protect the electrode (4) and gives direction to the flow of gas.The Ground Clampthis is basically the cathode (-) in the circuit, which is clamped directly to the piece of metal being welding. Good contact is essential on the bare metal.http//cdn.instructables.com/FKB/OD1H/F2FRVLCD/FKBOD1HF2FRVLCD.MEDIUM.jpgAdvantages of MIG weldingVersatile in the sense that, it welds a wide range of metals and thicknesses,Will weld in any angle and position, slight cleaning is required,Has a good weld bead,Does not splatter the weld,Long welds can be done without starts and stops,Easy to learn.Disadvantages of MIG weldingIt involves bulky equipment,since the gas stem is transported in cylindersProduces a rougher and less controlled weld compared to TIG welding.Requires Irregular wire feed,Porosity and burn-back weld finish,Unstable arc,Heavily oxidized weld deposits,Difficulty in starting signal the weld on certain material.PrecautionsAt first hand, the most important precautions are those regarding the health and safety aspect. Welding involves heat, which may cause fire ahead(p) to accidents and injuries. Therefore, safety gear is essential. These include gloves, apron, welding helmet (to protect your eyes from the bright light produced by the electrical authentic) and a handy fire extinguisher.http//cdn.instructables.com/F71/ZGBA/F2L4FTRQ/F71ZGBAF2L4FTRQ.LARGE.jpg http//cdn.instructables.com/FBU/2A3K/F2NOBQVK/FBU2A3KF2NOBQVK.MEDIUM.jpgBright light whilst welding Safety gearOther important precautions/defects must be taken during the actual process itself. Whilst welding, one big businessman find that holes are produced in the weld, t his might be due to too much current which might occur due to over-melting of material. This is resolved by reducing the current load from the welder apparatus. Spurts might also form on the weld. This is due to the wire speed or power settings regulated being too low. What happens is that the gun would be feeding in too much wire which whilst melting would splatter the weld without forming a proper one. A good weld will be achieved when all the settings are properly set resulting in a smooth weld. It should be noted that the sound of a continuous spark indicates the proper quality of the weld.MIG (Fusion) Welding for aluminium and Its AlloysAluminium welding is regarded as a very difficult procedure due its low melting point yet high heat conduction and which could result in poor penetration and molten holes. Aluminium being a non ferrous metal, is readily available in various product forms. In order to establish a proper welding procedure, it is essential to know the material pr operties of the aluminium alloy being welded. These can be effected byAluminium Oxide CoatingThermal ConductivityThermal Expansion CoefficientMelting CharacteristicsIn normal circumstances, aluminium is welded using TIG and not MIG welding, since it is far more difficult to weld aluminium with the latter. On the other hand, aluminium being a soft metal, requires that the TIG welder has to utilise AC current not just DC current (this is because intermediate welds are required to bond aluminium) and therefore modifications have to be made on the TIG welding equipment, making it more costly then ever. However though it is considered difficult (especially for an inexperienced worker), the majority of such welding is carried out utilising MIG welding with possible reasonable results, if the following procedures are notedEssential features to weld aluminium using MIG weldingBase-metal preparationaluminium oxide and hydrocarbon contamination must be removedAluminium oxide melts at 3,700 F while the base-material aluminium underneath will melt at 1,200 F.PreheatingPreheating the aluminium work piece can help avoid weld crackingPreheating temperature should not exceed 230 FThe kick upstairs techniquepushing the gun away from the weld pool rather than pulling it, will result in better cleaning action motive power speedAluminium welds need to be hot and fastHigh thermal conductivity of aluminium implies the need for higher amps and voltage settings and higher weld- die speedsIf travel speed is too slow, the weld risks excessive burnShielding gasArgon, which gives good cleaning action and penetration profile, is the most common shielding gas used when welding aluminiumWelding wireAluminium filler wire that has a melting temperature similar to the base material is ideal.0.035-inch diameter at a low wire-feed speed 100 to 300 in. /minConvex-shaped weldsAluminium welding causes crater cracking resulting in failure. These are created due to the high rate of thermal expansio n of aluminium.Power-source selectionWelding current in excess of 350 A, cc produces optimum results.Wire feederA constant-torque, variable-speed motor in the wire-feed is essential giving constant force and speed through the gun. A high-torque motor in the welding gun pulls the wire through and keeps wire-feed speed and arc length consistent.Welding gunscontact tip approximately 0.015 inch larger than the diameter of the filler metal being,When the welding current exceeds 200 A, a water-cooled gun is used to minimize heat build-up and reduce wire-feeding difficulties.

Nemean Stadium :: essays papers

Nemean bowling ballBased on Legend, approximately somewhat 776 BCE, Koroibos crossed the refining line at the altar of Zeus and was crowned the first winner in Olympic history. Thus was the beginning of the ancient phenomenon of the Olympic Games. A quantify where all war would come to a pause as men would test their valiance against fellow man in peaceful physical disceptation. This competition was partaken in bowling balls at select locations. These men were considered elite athletes and representative of some(prenominal) men. This made the games authorised in more ways than competition. They were likewise political, social and a major source of pride within ancient Greece. But these Olympic games only came around every four years, so others followed. Along with the Olympic games terzetto others joined forming the Panhellenic athletic festivals. They were the Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean games. The sites for these games grew in extravagance as well as popular ity oer time and in turn the stadiums the games were to be held in also grew in extravagance. The stadium at Nemea was particularly one of extravagance and prestige. The University of California at Berkley has through with(p) a great deal for the Nemean site in the retiring(a) 25 years. They have uncovered a stadium dated circa 330 BCE along with a tunnel, which is state to have been an athlete entrance to the stadium. Extensive study of the Nemean stadium and tunnel has been done and the site is well documented. The impacts of such a great archaeological befall is wonderful and has inspired many to even reenact the ill-famed Nemean Games. Through basic review of fact and study the following will briefly particular proposition the findings of the stadium at Nemea and its tunnel.The site at Nemea had many visitors, cognize to have started as early as 1766, excavating parts mostly in search of treasures from the asylum of Zeus. The earliest mention of the stadium was fr om Colonel William Leake, approximately during the 18th century, from where he located the stadium. Unfortunately no real excavation was done until 1973 when the University of Berkley began a large collection plate dig under the advisory of the American School of clear Studies, Athens and the guidance of Stephen G Miller. The investigation began an extensive yearly excavation from 1974- 1983 and since then many smaller projects have steadily occurred.Nemean Stadium essays papersNemean StadiumBased on Legend, approximately around 776 BCE, Koroibos crossed the finish line at the altar of Zeus and was crowned the first winner in Olympic history. Thus was the beginning of the ancient phenomenon of the Olympic Games. A time where all war would come to a pause as men would test their valor against fellow man in peaceful physical competition. This competition was partaken in stadiums at select locations. These men were considered elite athletes and representative of many men. T his made the games important in more ways than competition. They were also political, social and a major source of pride within ancient Greece. But these Olympic games only came around every four years, so others followed. Along with the Olympic games three others joined forming the Panhellenic athletic festivals. They were the Pythian, Isthmian, and Nemean games. The sites for these games grew in extravagance as well as popularity over time and in turn the stadiums the games were to be held in also grew in extravagance. The stadium at Nemea was particularly one of extravagance and prestige. The University of California at Berkley has done a great deal for the Nemean site in the past 25 years. They have uncovered a stadium dated circa 330 BCE along with a tunnel, which is said to have been an athlete entrance to the stadium. Extensive study of the Nemean stadium and tunnel has been done and the site is well documented. The impacts of such a great archaeological find is wo nderful and has inspired many to even reenact the infamous Nemean Games. Through basic review of fact and study the following will briefly detail the findings of the stadium at Nemea and its tunnel.The site at Nemea had many visitors, known to have started as early as 1766, excavating parts mostly in search of treasures from the Sanctuary of Zeus. The earliest mention of the stadium was from Colonel William Leake, approximately during the 18th century, from where he located the stadium. Unfortunately no real excavation was done until 1973 when the University of Berkley began a large scale dig under the advisory of the American School of Classical Studies, Athens and the guidance of Stephen G Miller. The investigation began an extensive yearly excavation from 1974- 1983 and since then many smaller projects have steadily occurred.

Claudius of Shakespeares Hamlet Essay -- Essays on Shakespeare Hamlet

Claudius of juncture A close second in nobleness to the protagonist in Shakespeares Hamlet is the incredible King Claudius. His superior qualities render him a worthy antagonist capable of a plummeting downfall at the climax. G. Wilson Knight in The Embassy of Death interprets the character of Claudius Claudius, as he appears in the play, is not a criminal. He is - strange as it may seem - a good and gentle king, enmeshed by the chain of causality linking him with his crime. And this chain he might, perhaps, have broken except for Hamlet, and all would have been well. But, granted the figurehead of Hamlet - which Claudius at first genuinely desired, persuading him not to return to Wittenberg as he wished - and granted the fact of his original crime which cannot now be altered, Claudius cannot now be blamed for his later actions. They are forced on him. As King, he could scarcely be expected to do otherwise. (n. pag.) The drama opens after Hamlet has just returned from Witten berg, England, where he has been a student. What brought him home was the news of his fathers death and his uncles accession to the throne of Denmark. Philip Burton in Hamlet discusses Claudius sudden scrape up to the Danish throne upon the death of King Hamlet I A strong new king was immediately needed the election of Claudius, particularly in the absence of Hamlet, was inevitable. What is more, it was immediately justified, because Claudius manages to dispel the threat of invasion by appealing to the King of Norway to curb his nephew, Fortinbras the ambitious young soldier was the more ready to revoke the projected invasion because the object of his revenge, Hamlets father, was now dead, and in ret... .../ham1-col.htm Faucit, Helena (Lady Martin). On Some of Shakespeares Female Characters. 6th ed. London William Blackwood and Sons, 1899. Jorgensen, capital of Minnesota A. Hamlet. William Shakespeare the Tragedies. Boston Twayne Publ., 1985. N. pag. http//www.freehomepages.co m/hamlet/other/jorg-hamlet.html Knight, G. Wilson. The Embassy of Death. The Wheel of Fire. London Methuen and Co., Ltd., 1954. p. 38-39. http//server1.hypermart.net/hamlet/wheefire.html N. pag. Mack, Maynard. The World of Hamlet. Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego Greenhaven Press, 1996. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http//www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.