Electronic Voting Machine

Inter subject ara diary of In varianceation and electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, skirt 2013 A Preview on little defyler Based electronic elector turnout Machine Diponkar capital of Minnesota and Sobuj Kumar dig, Member, IACSIT Abstract votingr turnoutr turnout is intimately pivotal transit of democratic confederation through which large number de marginine its g e very(prenominal)wherenment. Governments around the world ar to a greater extent(prenominal) and more considering the replacement of traditional paper- found right to select schemes with electronic vote establishments.Elections of Bangladesh be conducted most exclusively employ electronic select moulds developed over the past troika years. In this paper we describe the design, construction and surgery of a digital take mould employ a microcontroller profoundly. over again we to a fault expressionray run outline of votes, market survey and appeal analytic thinking. Index Terms take b rass, atmega16l microcontroller, select analysis, security of EVM. I. INTRODUCTION take is a crucial device to reveal the opinion of a stem on an issue that is under consideration. Based on the promise of greater e? iency, better scal mightiness, faster speed, discredit speak to, and more(prenominal) convenience, pick out is presently shifty from manual paper- ground processing to automate electronic-based processing. The term electronic choose characteristic all in all in ally depicts to the substance ab employment of nearly electronic means in take and ensure the security, reliability, guarantee and transferency1,2. Now a day the wide swear of application of choose overwhelm its use in reality scholarly person body preferences, sh beholder meetings, and the eradicateing of legislation in parliament. Perhaps the most important, in? ential, publicised, and widesp accept use of vote is its use in national preferences. Comp bed to its traditional paper-based hom ecoming factor, electronic choose is considered to pose m some(prenominal) greater electric potential difference bene? ts. These bene? ts al busted better accuracy by eliminating the negative factor of piece mistake, better coverage for remote locations, increase speed for tally computation, let down operational cost through automated means, and the convenience of right to vote from either(prenominal) location Whether or non electronic voter turnouting is a undeniable replacement for the traditional paper-based method, it is irrefutable that the conduct of voting as been shifting to the use of electronic medium. To date, electronic informationbases atomic number 18 apply to record elector information, electronic computers argon use to find out the votes and produce voting burdens, mobile devices be apply for voting in inter combat-ready television shows, and electronic voting machines energise been utilise in some national elections. Generally, the term el ectronic voting refers to the de? nition, collection, and dissemination of peoples opinions with the help of some machinery that is more or less computer supported. Despite Manuscript received portentous 15, 2012 revised October 12, 2012.The authors argon with the Department Electrical and electronic Engineering, World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (e-mail emailprotected com, emailprotected edu. sg) the revolution from traditional paper-based systems to electronic medium, the purpose and requirements for voting remain. vote is a abate making mechanics in a consensus-based society and security is thus an essential part of voting. The critical role in determining the resultant role of an election, electronic voting systems should be designed and developed with the greatest c atomic number 18.However, a number of recent studies stomach shown that most of the electronic voting systems be utilise today atomic number 18 fatally defective 3, 4, 5 and that their qua lity does non match the importance of the task that they argon supposed to carry out. Flaws in on sack voting systems, which were discovered through testing and b ar-assed(prenominal) analysis techniques, have stimulated a number of research efforts to mitigate the chores in deployed voting systems. These efforts foc employ on ameliorating security primitives, such(prenominal) as the storage of votes 6, 7 and auditing 8, and on formally assessing and making procedures more impelling 9, 10.Finally, the standards that position the functional and performance requirements against which the systems ar developed, tested, and operated have often been found to be inadequate 11, 12, 13. Among the reasons for c erstwhilern, critics include vague and incomplete security guidelines, insufficient livelihood requirements, and inadequate descriptions of the configuration of commercial softw atomic number 18. An electronic voting machine has been designed by a microcontroller for which t he order is pen in group language.Various code protection schemes specified by the manufacturer of the microcontroller are utilise to resist inadvertent or deliberate reading and reproduction of the code contained in the microcontroller. The election information contained in the EEPROM of the microcontroller piece of ass download into a rally computer for tabulations. The security of information in this computer is enforced by generating digital signatures for apiece data file created. This process makes it impossible for any angiotensin converting enzyme to backup wrong or deliberately altered data files at any intermediate stage between the capturing of electors intent by the machine and the final results tabulations.Prior to the election, all con? guration data is set up on the counting boniface. The con? guration is whence transferred to the vote-box server. Con? guration data include candidate name calling, polling station identity, and a list of barcodes. During the voting period, voters are documented as per the traditional paper-based voting, and asked whether they wish to vote electronically or use the traditional paper-based method. A voter choosing to use the traditional paper-based method increase by being given a ballot paper, casting the vote on the ballot paper, and placing the ballot paper in a ballot-box.On the other hand, a barcode is chosen at haphazard and is given to the voter choosing to use eVACS. Voter authorisation on the electronic voting booth computer is by 185 DOI 10. 7763/IJIEE. 2013. V3. 295 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, contact 2013 using the barcode. The electronic voting booth computer communicates the barcode to the ballot-box server for governing body and to inform that the voting process is initiating. Upon validation of an invalid barcode, the ballot-box server returns an error message to the voting booth computer.Otherwise, the ballot-box server return s the equivalent of a ballot-paper containing the names of candidates to the voting booth computer. The voter may select the candidates in a particular p course credit ordering, and re descend moving or complete their survival of the fittest afterwards. The pick is pomped on the concealing forcon? rmation, and the voter is al downhearteded to change or con? rm their selection. The voting booth computer returns a warning given invalid selection or knowledgeable vote, however casting invalid or informal vote is allowed. The voter con? ms the selection by using the barcode, and both the vote and a log of key sequence press are then communicated to the ballot-box server. The ballot-box server checks that the same barcode is used to initiate the server counts the votes, and produces a voting result. II. HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT OF ELECTRONIC select weapon Fig. 1. Block diagram of digital voting system Fig 2. round diagram of the digital voting system A. Circuit Description The emin ent take digital voting machine built with ATmega16 little controller. The Micro controller port D uses for liquid quartz display display and port C. (pin 22) uses for voting force-out or presiding officers sack. The candided button excitant from demeanor C. 1 C. 4 (pin 23 to 26 4 candided). The turnout light-emitting diode and buzzer uses Micro controller port C. 5 and C. 6. The liquid crystal display backlight in addition attached to port C. 7 via a transistor. At the starting of voting the election instruction offices setup the machine at the centre. Then power on the flip out and sealed it that nobody can power off. The presiding officer identifies the original voter of that particular state and pushes the voting power button. The voting power LED glow then and continue it until once press the candided buttons.The voter then goes to the secret manner where pick out unit placed and press button beside his candided symbol. Voter can watch success of voting by glow confirmation LED and beep indication. The presiding officer can likewise test beep sound watch a confirmation LED. Same term the voting power goes down and nobody can vote again. in the main when presiding officer press voting power button, Micro controller start scanning from pin 23 to pin 26. When get response from a specific pin, increase the counter one of that candided and conceal scanning. So it is not possible to voting twice or more.All the counter result stack a direction at Micro controller EEPROM. When the voting is under process it allow for showed at display Voting under Process. At the end of voting we need to know result. Then election commission or presiding officer presses the secret key ( bring backword). Now the Micro controller shows the result and supply the power to LCD backlight that it illuminated. If it needs to return voting process again one should press another secret key. thither uses a transistor to operate buzzer and confirmation LED with prope r current. There also uses a potential difference regulator (7805) to supply 5v continuously.Here uses a dry out cell 9V battery as power acknowledgment. The power consumption of the system is very low (50mW150mW varying). After collected data and need expunge recorded data from EEPROM just broken the sealed on power button and power off the system. Now the system is ready for abutting election. This measurement System includes the following helpings Voting building block Control unit of measurement Confirmation building block Display Unit (LCD) Power aggregate Unit B. Voting Unit Fig. 3. Output duty tour diagram of the digital voting system Fig. 4. Voting 186 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, manifest 2013Fig. 5. Confirmation unit In this Voting unit we have been used pentad button switch and five 2. 2K? resister which machine-accessible to the five button switches. C. Buzzer A buzzer or beeper is an audio frequenc y signaling device, which may be mechanical, electromechanical or piezoelectric. Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices. These devices are end product transducers converting electrical energy. As power is use this mechanical device bequeath energize and by doing so adjourn the power source and the cycle continue until the power is removed. The frequency of cycle per second is strictly dependent on mechanical inertia.The piezo buzzer produces sound based on reverse of the piezoelectric effect. The generation of pressure variation or strain by the application of electric potential across a piezoelectric material is the underlying principle. These buzzers can be used marvelous a user of an notwithstandingt corresponding to a switching action, counter signal or sensor input. They are also used in alarm circuits. The buzzer produces a same noisy sound regardless of the electromotive force variation applied to it. It consists of piezo crystals between ii conduc tors. When a potential is applied across these crystals, they push on one conductor and tug on the other.This, push and pull action, results in a sound wave. most buzzers produce sound in the range of 2 to 4 kHz. The ablaze(p) lead is connected to the Input and the Black lead is connected to Ground. D. fall Emitting Diode (LED) A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are on hand(predicate) across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wave distances, with very high brightness.When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of t he photon) is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and unified optical components may be used to solve its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy consumption, longer life metre, 187 m be robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful decent for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more tiny current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable product. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as replacements for aviation lighting, self-propelled lighting (in particular brake lamps, turn signals, and indicators) as well as in traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, speckle their high switching rates are also useful in innovative communications technology.Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial prod ucts including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances E. ascendency Unit A control unit in general is a primal part of the machinery that controls its operation, provided that a piece of machinery is complex and organized enough to contain any such unit. single domain in which the term is specifically used is the area of computer design. In this work Microcontroller ATMEGA 16L is used as the controller unit which controls the sensed signal.A single exceedingly integrated chip that contains all the components comprising a controller. Typically this includes a CPU, RAM, some form of ROM, I/O ports, and timers. Un wish well a general-purpose computer, which also includes all of these components, a microcontroller is designed for a very specific task to control a particular system. As a result, the parts can be change and reduced, which cuts down on production costs. Microcontrollers are sometimes called embed microcontrollers, which just mean that they are part of an embedded system that is, one part of a larger device or system.F. Power Supply Unit Power supply is a very important part of electronic circuit this circuit required intractable +5 V supply so to fix this voltage we needed voltage regulator. In this work used 7805 Voltage regulator which output fixed +5 volt. A voltage regulator generates a fixed output voltage of a p specify magnitude that remains constant regardless of changes to its input voltage or load conditions. There are two types of voltage regulators linear and switching. A linear regulator employs an active (BJT or MOSFET) pass device (series or shunt) controlled by a high gain contrastiveial amplifier.It compares the output voltage with a precise reference voltage and adjusts the pass device to keep open a constant output voltage. G. Display Unit Display device shown the result of the measuring instrument. A observer can see the result and observe the temperature of electrical machine. In this work we used a 21 6 character LCD (LM016L) display. A transparent crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals. H. Printed Circuit Board A printed circuit wag, or PCB, is used to mechanicallyInternational Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 support and electrically connect electronic components using conductive pathways, tracks or signal traces etched from copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. It is also referred to as printed wiring board (PWB) or etched wiring board. A PCB populated with electronic components is a printed circuit assembly (PCA), also known as a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA). Printed circuit boards are used in virtually all but the implest commercially produced electronic devices. PCBs are inexpensive, and can be highly reliable. They require frequently more layout effort and higher sign cost than either wire wrap or point-to-point construction, but are much cheaper and faster for high-volume production the production and soldering of PCBs can be through with(p) by automated equipment. Much of the electronics industrys PCB design, assembly, and quality control needs are set by standards that are published by the IPC organization. spill descriptions of ATmaga16L Microcontroller VCC digital supply voltage.GND Ground. manner B (PB7 PB0) air B is an 8- grab bi-directional I/O port with inbred pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The style B output buffers have biradial drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, style B pins that are outerly pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins are tri-stated when a define condition becomes active, sluice if the clock is not running. Port B also serves the unctions of mixed extra features of the ATmega16. Port C (PC7PC0) Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with inhering pul l-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port C output buffers have cruciform drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are outside(a)ly pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3 (TMS) and PC2 (TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.Port C also serves the functions of the JTAG interface and other surplus features of the ATmega16. Port D (PD7 PD0) Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with inbred pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are awayly pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running. Port D also serves the functions of various special features of the ATmega16.Port A (PA7 PA0) Port A serves as the analog inputs to the A/D Converter. Port A also serves as an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are impertinently pulled low, they will source current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.RESET Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running. Shorter pulses are not guaranteed to generate a reset. AVCC Fig. 6. Printed circuit board (pcb) of this voting system I. Pin Config urations Discription Fig. 7. Pin configuration of Atmega16L microcontroller14 AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be externally connected to VCC, even if 188 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 he ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter AREF AREF is the analog reference pin for the A/D Converter. III. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT FOR ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE Flowchart of class user. In both of the systems that we analyzed, we found major(ip) security vulnerabilities that could compromise the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the voting process. The results of our study suggest that thither is a need for a drastic change in the way in which electronic systems are designed, developed, and tested.Researchers, practitioners, and policy makers need to define original testing approaches that take into account the peculiar information flow of these systems, as well as the combination of computer security mechanisms and physical procedures necessary to provide a high level of assurance. Electronic voting software is not immune from security concerned. Here we describe Hack-a-vote, a simplified DRE voting system that we initially developed to demonstrate how easy it qualification be to insert a Trojan horse into a voting system.In case of a discrepancy, there either must be a row with the fresh random number. and without a mark of the voter or the alignment information on the ballot and on the recognize must differ. The proof consists either of a row containing the fresh random number but no mark without revealing which row this is or the proof consists of the two differing alignment bar codes without showing the mark at all. After the publication of the tax revenue the spot is analogous to the paper based schemes above as the voter possesses a correct receipt as electronic evidence.In addition to using unfor givable receipts with a special paper one can assume a trusted newspaperwoman containing a chip throwaway this printer could have the chip card and print the signature to the receipt. Having two in dependent ways to proved receipt to be not a forgery is a immense advantage. REFERENCES D. Balzarotti, G. Banks, M. Cova, V. Felmetsger, R. A. Kemmerer, W. Robertson, F. Valeur, and G. Vigna, An Experience in Testing the hostage of Real-World Electronic Voting Systems, IEEE transactions on Software Engineering, vol. 36, no. 4, 2010. 2 A. Villa? orita and K. Weldemariam, and R. Tiella, Development, Formal Veri? ation, and Evaluation of an E-Voting System with VVPAT, IEEE legal proceeding on Information Forensics and credentials, vol. 4, no. 4, 2009. 3 Y. D. Wagner, M. Bishop, T. Baker, B. D. Medeiros, G. Tyson, M. Shamos, and M. Burmester, Software Review and Security analytic thinking of the ES I Votronic 8. 0. 1. 2 Voting Machine Firmware, Technical report, Security and Assurance in Information technology Laboratory, 2007. 4 T. Kohno, A. Stubblefield, A. Rubin, and D. Wallach, Analysis of an Electronic Voting System, in Proc. of IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy, pp. 27-40, 2004. 5 E. Proebstel, S. Riddle, F. Hsu, J.Cummins, F. Oakley, T. Stanionis, and M. Bishop, An Analysis of the Hart Intercivic DAU eSlate, in Proc. of Usenix/Accurate Electronic Voting engineering science Workshop, 2007. 6 D. Molnar, T. Kohno, N. Sastry, and D. Wagner, Tamper-Evident, History Independent, Subliminal-Free Data Structures on PROM Storage-or-How to warehousing Ballots on a Voting Machine (Extended Abstract), in Proc. of IEEE Symp. Security and Privacy, pp. 365-370, 2006. 7 J. Bethencourt, D. Boneh, and B. Waters, cryptanalytic Methods for Storing Ballots on a Voting Machine, in Proc. of Network and Distributed System Security Symp, 2007. 8 S. Garera and A. Rubin, An Independent Audit Framework for Software Dependent Voting Systems, in Proc. of ACM conf. Computer and Comm. Security, pp. 256-265, 2007. 9 J. Hall, Improving the Security, Transparency and Efficiency of Californias 1 Percent Manual Tally Procedures, in Proc. of Usenix/ Accurate Electronic Voting Technology Workshop, 2008. 10 K. Weldemariam and A. Villafiorita, Modeling and Analysis of Procedural Security in (e) Voting The Trentinos Approach and Experiences, in Proc. of Usenix/Accurate Electronic Voting Technology Workshop, 2008. 11 R.Hite, All Levels of Government are needed to Address Electronic Voting System Challenges, Technical report, GAO, 2007. 1 Fig. 8. Flowchart of broadcast IV. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS This work contributed to three very basic research questions arising in the context of verifiable elections. First, we discussed the problem of keeping ballot secrecy to a certain extent in the case of a corrupted doting machine or voting authority. Our contribution to this is an approach where all secret information is encapsulated in the voting machine. Second, we considered the att ack of receipt theft and manipulation of the corresponding votes.Here we proposed a tonic approach of linking all receipts by a hash range of mountains such that each single receipt guards the integrity of all receipts issued previously. Together with a display in the polling place this approach shortens the time window in which an adversary can perform the ballot stealing attack without almost zero risk. Third, we discussed in detail the possibility of contesting an election based on the evidence provided by the verifiable election scheme. We compared the situation for Bingo Voting to the evidence provided by paper based schemes.We concisely sketched an approach to prove an error or a manipulation in the voting booth without violating ballot secrecy. However, this was solo a proof of fantasy and for a practical application the usability of this approach needs to be come along improved. V. CONCLUSION As part of these exercises, we devised a testing methodology, developed new t ools that are specifically tailored to the security analysis of these systems, and learned a number of lessons, all of which should be of use to other 189 International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No. 2, March 2013 12 M. Gondree, P. Wheeler, and D. D.Figueiredo, A Critique of the 2002 FEC VSPT E-Voting Standards, Technical report, Univ. of California, 2005. 13 R. Mercuri. Voting System Guidelines Comments. Online. Available http// www. wheresthepaper. org/VVSGComment. pdf, 2005. Online. Available 14 Atmel. http//www. atmel. com/Images/doc2466. pdf Mr. Diponkar Paul is currently working as Assistant Professor in the subdivision of Electrical and Electronic plan at World University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh (www. wub. edu. bd ). After passing his master degree from March 2008 he was serving as Assistant Professor, EEE at Bangladesh University upto July 2010.He is having qualifications B. Sc. Engg. , DISM (software engineering), M. Sc. Engg. His research interests are in the area of energy conversions, power system modeling and advanced control theories covering the application of IT. From 0ct 2004 to July 2006, he was working as referee in department of computer skill and engineering at Pundra University of science & technology, Bogra. In Singapore during his master dgree at Nanyang technological university, he was tangled in financial service operation integrated to IT system constitution jobs from Dec 2006 to February 2008.Mr. Sobuj Kumar Ray was born in 1987, Bogra, Bangladesh. Mr. Ray received his bachelor-at-arms degree in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the Rajshahi University of Engineering and Technology (RUET), Rajshahi, Bangladesh in April 2010. He is now Assistant Manager (Technical) in DESCO. Mr. Ray worked at Internal University of Business Agriculture and Technology in the department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh (www. iubat. edu) from 12th July 2010 to 1st Octob er, 2012. He is enthusiastic on researcher on control system and Power System. 190Electronic Voting MachineProject Outline In general the EVM consists of two units that can be inter linked. A ballot unit, which a voter uses to exercise his vote. And the other, a control unit used by the polling officials. But the EVM prepared by us is totally automated. MCU is acting as the Polling police officer in this EVM. Ballot Unit It consists of a 162 LCD and IR LEDs. LCD displays the name of the post and candidate for which voting is going on IR LEDs are used as touch switches. For anything which you have to select, put your figure just above the option where it is being displayed on the LCD. Control UnitIt consists of a MCU and a 7 keys keypad. MCU stores the program, run it and also stores the data given by voters. We have do keypad, which can be used to input the name of Posts and the Candidates. By using this we will not have to program the machine each time before any election. One ca n enter the name of posts and candidates just before the election. This can also prevent programming the EVM to favour any particular candidate. 1. 1 The Electronic Voting Mach ine An Electronic Marvel. Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) retains all the characteristics of voting by ballot papers, while making polling a lot more expedient.Being fast and absolutely reliable, the EVM saves considerable time, money and manpower. And, of course, helps maintain total voting secrecy without the use of ballot papers. The EVM is 100 per cent tamper proof. And, at the end of the polling, just press a button and there you have the results. 1. 2Description Electronic voting machine has now geezerhood become an effective tool for voting. It ensures flawless voting and thus has become more widespread. It ensures people about their vote being secured. It avoids any kind of malpractice and invalid votes.Also such kind of system becomes more sparing as consequent use incurred on manpower is saved. It is also convenient on the part of voter, as he has to just press one key whichever belongsto his candidates. Voting machinesare the total combination ofmechanical,electromechanical, or electronic equipment (includingsoftware,firmware, and documentation required to program control, and supportequipment), that is used to define ballots to cast and count votes to report or display election results and to maintain and produce any audit trail information.The first voting machines were mechanical but it is increasingly more common to use electronic voting machines. A voting system includes the practices and associated documentation used to list system components and versions of such components to test the system during its development and maintenance to maintain records of system errors or defects to determine specific changes made after initial certification and to make available any materials to the voter (such as notices, instructions, forms, or paper ballots).Traditionally, a voti ng machine has been defined by the mechanism the system uses to cast votes and further categorized by the location where the system tabulates the votes. Voting machines have contrasting levels of usability, security,efficiency and accuracy. Certain systems may be more or less hearty to all voters, or not accessible to those voters with certain types of disabilities. They can also have an effect on the publics ability to oversee elections. SUMMARY Electronic voting machine has now replaced the traditional mechanism of voting due to several advantages like security, automatic counting etc.This project presents a way to develop an electronic voting machine which displays the count of votes on a 162 LCD interface. A user can get his/her vote autobiography through a set of switches (one for each candidate). After every cast of vote, the subsequent count can be seen on LCD. The circuit uses AT89C51 microcontroller and the code for the project has been written in C. DESCRIPTION This LCD based electronic voting machine is designed for four candidates. The input part consists of a set of sixer tactile switches. The switches and 162 LCD are interfaced to microcontroller AT89C51 for various operations and displays.The provision of casting votes for the candidates has been provided through four of these switches. These switches are made active high and connected to pins 2-5 (P11 P14) of the controller. The remaining two switches (both active low) are to start and stop the voting procedure. They are connected to pins 1 and 6 (P10 and P15) respectively. The Init (start) switch initializes the voting system when pressed, while the Stop switch ends the voting and displays the poll results on LCD screen. For more details on working with LCD, refer LCD interfacing with 8051.The data pins of the LCD (pins 7-14) are connected to the output port P2 of the microcontroller. The control pins (RS, R/W and EN) are connected to port P3 pins P30, P31 P36 respectively. Working The v oting is started by mechanical press the Init switch after which the user is prompted to vote. The count of votes is stored in four different variables. As soon as the user votes for a candidate by pressing one of the switches, the value of the corresponding variable is increased by one. After this a Thank you message is displayed on LCD to let in the registration of users vote.The message stays on the screen until the next user either presses the Init button to cast another vote or Stop switch is pressed get the poll results. When the stop button is pressed, the names of the candidates are displayed along with their vote counts. After some delay, the result is displayed which could be either declaration of the winner candidate or the candidates with a clash of their number of votes. PRESET A preset is a three legged electronic component which can be made to stretch varying resistance in a circuit.The resistance is alter by adjusting the rotary control over it. The adjustment can be done by using a small screw driver or a similar tool. The resistance does not vary linearly but rather varies in exponential or logarithmic manner. much(prenominal) variable resistors are commonly used for adjusting sensitivity along with a sensor. The variable resistance is obtained across the single terminal at bowel movement and one of the two other terminals. The two legs at back offer fixed resistance which is divided by the front leg. So whenever only the back terminals are used, a preset acts as a fixed resistor.Presets are specified by their fixed value resistance. AT89C51 MCAT89C51 is an 8-bit microcontroller and belongs to Atmels 8051 family. ATMEL 89C51 has 4KB of incinerate programmable and eradicable read only memory (PEROM) and 128 bytes of RAM. It can be erased and program to a maximum of 1000 times. In 40 pin AT89C51, there are four ports designated as P1, P2, P3 and P0. All these ports are 8-bit bi-directional ports, i. e. , they can be used as both in put and output ports. Except P0 which needs external pull-ups, rest of the ports have internal pull-ups.When 1s are written to these port pins, they are pulled high by the internal pull-ups and can be used as inputs. These ports are also bit addressable and so their bits can also be accessed individually. Port P0 and P2 are also used to provide low byte and high byte addresses, respectively, when connected to an external memory. Port 3 has multiplexed pins for special functions like serial communication, hardware interrupts, timer inputs and read/write operation from external memory. AT89C51 has an inbuilt UART for serial communication.It can be programmed to operate at different baud rates. Including two timers & hardware interrupts, it has a total of six interrupts. Pin DiagramPin Description Pin No Function puddle 1 8 bit input/output port (P1) pins P1. 0 2 P1. 1 3 P1. 2 4 P1. 3 5 P1. 4 6 P1. 5 7 P1. 6 8 P1. 7 9 Reset pin Active high Reset 10 Input (receiver) for serial c ommunication RxD 8 bit input/output port (P3) pins P3. 0 11 Output (transmitter) for serial communication TxD P3. 1 12 external interrupt 1 Int0 P3. 2 3 External interrupt 2 Int1 P3. 3 14 Timer1 external input T0 P3. 4 15 Timer2 external input T1 P3. 5 16 Write to external data memory Write P3. 6 17 Read from external data memory Read P3. 7 18 Quartz crystal oscillator (up to 24 MHz) Crystal 2 19 Crystal 1 20 Ground (0V) Ground 21 8 bit input/output port (P2) pins/High-order address bits when interfacing with external memory P2. 0/ A8 22 P2. 1/ A9 23 P2. 2/ A10 24 P2. 3/ A11 25 P2. 4/ A12 26 P2. 5/ A13 27 P2. 6/ A14 28 P2. 7/ A15 9 Program store enableRead from external program memory PSEN 30 Address Latch Enable ALE Program pulse input during Flash programming Prog 31 External Access Enable Vcc for internal program executions EA Programming enable voltage 12V (during Flash programming) Vpp 32 8 bit input/output port (P0) pinsLow-order address bits when interfacin g with external memory P0. 7/ AD7 33 P0. 6/ AD6 34 P0. 5/ AD5 35 P0. 4/ AD4 36 P0. 3/ AD3 37 P0. 2/ AD2 38 P0. 1/ AD1 39 P0. 0/ AD0 40 Supply voltage 5V (up to 6. V) Vcc LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen is an electronic display mental faculty and find a wide range of applications. A 162 LCD display is very basic module and is very commonly used in various devices and circuits. These modules are favourite(a) over seven segments and other multi segment LEDs. The reasons being LCDs are economical easily programmable have no limitation of displaying special & even tailor-made characters (unlike in seven segments), animations and so on. A 162 LCD means it can display 16 characters per line and there are 2 such lines.In this LCD each character is displayed in 57 pixel matrix. This LCD has two registers, namely, Command and Data. The command register stores the command instructions given to the LCD. A command is an instruction given to LCD to do a predefined task like initia lizing it, clearing its screen, background the cursor position, controlling display etc. The data register stores the data to be displayed on the LCD. The data is the ASCII value of the character to be displayed on the LCD. Click to learn more about internal structure of a LCD.Pin DiagramPin Description Pin No Function bring up 1 Ground (0V) Ground 2 Supply voltage 5V (4. 7V 5. 3V) Vcc 3 Contrast adjustment through a variable resistor VEE 4 Selects command register when low and data register when high memorialize Select 5 Low to write to the register High to read from the register Read/write 6 Sends data to data pins when a high to low pulse is given Enable 7 8-bit data pins DB0 8 DB1 9 DB2 10 DB3 11 DB4 12 DB5 13 DB6 14 DB7 15 Backlight VCC (5V) Led+ 6 Backlight Ground (0V) Led- APPLICATIONS & ADVANTAGES Fast track voting which could be used in small scale elections, like nonmigratory welfare association, panchayat level election and other society level elections. It could also be used to conduct opinion polls during annual share holders meeting. It could also be used to conduct general assembly elections where number of candidates are less than or equal to eight in the current situation. It could be used at places where there is no electrical energy as the thing is operational with the help of a simple 5 volt battery.It could well become a fine example of using environment friendly resources as there is no need for having lakhs of ballot papers as was used in older system of voting. It involves very less time for a voter to actually cast its vote unlike conventional method where it becomes very cumbersome to handle ballot papers. It is more fast and reliable. FUTURE SCOPE Number of candidates could be increased by using other microcontroller or an 8255 IC. It could be interfaced with printer to get the hard copy of the result almost instantly from the machine itself.It could also be interfaced with the personal computer and result could be sto red in the central server and its backup could be taken on the other backend servers. Again, once the result is on the server it could be relayed on the network to various offices of the election conducting authority. Thus our project could make the result available any corner of the world in a matter of seconds In days of using nonpolluting and environment friendly resources of energy,it could pose a very estimable example.REFRENCES AND BIBLOGRAPHY 1. Muhammad Ali Mazidi , Janice Gillispie Mazidi, Rolin D. Mckinlay. Second edition, THE 8051 MICROCONTROLLER AND EMBEDDED SYSTEM 2. K. J. Ayala. Third edition, The 8051 MICROCONTROLLER 3. Millman & Halkias. INTEGRATED ELECTRONICS. 4. http//www. wikipedia. com 5. http//www. 8051microcontrollerprojects. com 6. www. datasheet4u. com 7. www. rickeya? sworld. com Reference http//seminarprojects. com/Thread-electronic-voting-machine-project-full-reportixzz2RD8Xd1cO